Structural Skew Topology and Field Structures

Know To Science (KTS), Nature has two forms. Either nature is an energy particle called a boson or it is a mass particle called a fermion. Likewise, FST has the same two classes of things, those that are energy structures and those that are mass structures. Structural Skew Topology is a geometry where the allowable forms correspond to the forms allowed by nature. Nature has a specific form for each platform of structure and SST geometry has a corollary set of forms and none other. The premise of SST and FST is that a geometry of structure would produce the architecture of physics. If it did otherwise, it would be not be the architecture of Nature.

Action plenum loops at 1.6 × 10-35 meters establish the length of a basic quantum unit of action. These action plenum loops comprise the First Field Order, which can be thought of as a structural platform. The next platform of structure occurs in volumes occupying 2.817…10-15 meters, the size of an electron particle. Action plenum loops are twenty powers times smaller than the diameter of the electron, a huge difference. In the simplest atom, hydrogen, the electron lives in a volume that is 10-10 meters in diameter, five powers as large as the electron itself. If we are going to use loops and only loops to delineate these forms, then we will need to be thinking about form and structure in a whole new way. We are going to need to come up with a structural form that retains its quantum nature and at the same time integrates (reiterates) into larger organizations with ease and dexterity, follow a small set of interactive operations. Static architectural models are of no use. We will need a structural system that operates as does Nature. The only such system is Nature herself. We are going to see that man-made structures currently differ from Natural architecture in that Nature employs fields and man-made architecture at the mencroscale do not. In terms of structure, man-made structures are still in the stone-age paradigm.

The difference between building with quantum mechanical bricks, so to speak, and human scale bricks used by the architect is that physics employs fields and architects do not. Without fields, architect has only one stabilizing structural form to rely on, the triangle/tetrahedron and its derivatives. This is because triangles and tetrahedrons are the only polyhedron that has their energy fields within its mass fields. What this statement means will be made apparent. All other polyhedra do not and hence are unstable. When Nature builds, she incorporates the field into all polyhedra (all forms in 3-D). Field Structure Theory will attempt to explain how fields provide structure to form.

This will present a perceptual challenge. We know of no material that has a range that can operate at the quantum level as well as the human scale or the universe scale for that matter, other than action. Aside from the other arguments, this is to my way of thinking the most eloquent reason to suspect the action plenum actually exists. Nature forces us to consider the properties of a field. Only the notion of action can withstand the job requirements of a field. Action in the form of loops is the only way I have found Nature to be able to provide structure to all scales of form. Nature is forcing us to consider that action totally pervades everything and that forms are unique localized circumstances of action on the action matrix continuum.

The aether, or as I like to refer to it, the action plenum, or simply plenum, has traditionally been the name given to this primal field. All sub-fields having closure are occurring within the context of this primal field, the plenum. The electromagnetic field, the nuclear field, the gravity field, etc., are all, in one way or another, derived from the plenum. Unless there is this unifying field, I can find no other way for energy to organize something as vast as the universe.

The problem is that this primal field, the plenum, has no empirical component separate from itself as does mass and energy. I am making a distinction between the action plenum and mass and energy for a good reason, mass and energy are constrained by space/time, whereas the action plenum is not. The plenum does not seem to be a product of cause and effect, but rather seems responsible for cause and effect. Operating through a material medium, we cannot experience action. The only way we have of working with action is through its more complex manifestations in the form of mass and energy. FST will employ the notion of action fields to unify and actualize material/energetic world. If the last century started out as the century of the atom and finished up as the century of the particle, I expect the twenty-first century to be the century of the field, and end as the century of consciousness. From the look of things at the edge, fields open the discussion on the nature of consciousness.

Action

The nature of action, and the decisions made to explain it, have long been the subject of debate. In FST, the short answer for the nature of action is that action is the recognition of relationship. Relationship is pregnant with possibility. A field is a matrix of omni-interacting action relationships. Every part of a field knows what every other part of the field is doing not so much because it is “in touch” with all aspects of the field at once (which is a way of looking at it), but rather it is because each event in the field is a fractal replication of the field itself. To paraphrase the idea in another context, what is done to the least is done to the many. The FST vision is fractal and reiterates as does cellular automata.

Every part of a field is a miniature fractal reproduced of that field at a smaller (or larger) scale of complexity. Hence a field maintains its form because at each place of interaction, action knows what every other place of interaction knows. It knows what to do. It knows that given the number of interacting lines of action, and number of loop circuits present at the site of interaction, the form when reiterated throughout will be of a certain and specific nature. In fact, you can tell when a form is not a field by the inability of the form to remember where everything should be. From this point of view, a square building is not a field structure because what happens at the places of interaction is not what is happening to the form as a whole, which is the form at the next larger fractal iteration. Without the insertion of triangulation¹ at each vertex of the form, a square building would instantly collapse. Again from this point of view, all architecture made without a field is a variant of triangulation.

To repeat, an action in FST is a relationship. Since the structural continuum implies relatedness, whatever vehicle we use to portray action will have to be able on its own to be applicable to all form and structure no matter its size and complexity. The goal is to devise an all-encompassing set of constructs that relate all forms in the field to each other.

To understand the field, we need a way of delineating action. FST being a topological geometry, delineates action as a line having dimension. Why does it have to have dimension? We may not know the metaphysics of “why”, but we do know the fact “is” that action has a dimension. We know that because by having all action events dimensional, we can have a structural continuum. We know that because Planck’s constant has been shown to pervade all measurable empirical form. Nothing measured is any smaller than Planck’s length and all things measured, no matter how big are, are divisible by Planck’s length.

Action comes in units and has a size. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle tells us that no two action-events can be at the same place at the same time. Two or more lines of action cannot be at the same place at the same time. This would seem to eliminate Euclidian geometry as preferred by Nature since it is the geometry of intersection. If the exclusion principle forbids intersection, then we have to shift all the lines of action so none are intersecting. When we do this we are talking about interacting lines of action, but not intersecting lines of action. Most of physics, and all of architecture, employ a geometry of intersecting lines of action. By insisting on intersection, physics has failed to find unification even after one hundred years of effort.

In Fig. 1, B relates to C with a line and C returns the visit with a line back to B. This relationship oscillates. It is a ‘closed’ relationship. If C did not respond to B, the relationship would be asymmetrical, open and incomplete. However, we have already decided that the nature of form and structure is relationship, so we are dealing with closed relationship, i.e., completed relationships. A one-way conversation is a failed relationship between humans as it is between particles. In Fig. 1, we see how an oscillation can easily become a circular relationship and once circular the oscillation appears to vanish and become a uniform flow that is either clockwise (cw) or counter-clockwise (ccw). The sense of reciprocity appears to be lost. We will need to revive the realization that relationship is always both ways. Nature never forgets. A circle in Nature is not 360° of rotation. It is 720°. Students of Buckminster Fuller know this, as do synergetic structuralists.

This chirality will be important as we develop notions of fields and structure. In physics, chirality is a fundamental issues and is observed to determine whether a particle is real matter or anti-matter, whether the intrinsic momentum of a particle is clockwise or counter-clockwise, etc. Relatedness requires the action to closed and form a loop. A loop is also a circuit. As the discussion shifts from discussing action to discussing energy, the loop is more often referred to as a circuit. The two terms are used more or less synonymously although when loops become numerous it is less confusing to call it a circuit of loops instead of a looped loops. FST has found that a line of action that does not close has no structural significance.

Action Loops and Circuits

This paper will be illustrating forms and structures built from interacting loops and to be brief, only the simplest of fieldstructures will be illustrated. Fieldstructure is the name given to this new form of topological structure. It will take sophisticated computer animation, yet to be developed, to adequately “see” in motion the story of loop interaction. The images I will be presenting are the bare bone simplest forms in stop-time and they will demand the reader’s prowess in visualization to connect one form to another. At this infantile level of graphics, the paper will demand the reader fill in the blanks between one form and another. This privation of graphic content will hopefully be rectified in the future.

Starting with the action plenum, particles are generated in a structural hierarchy, which in turns make it possible to construct particles from action, atoms from particles, molecules from atoms, and so on. Physics, can observe the building sequence deterministically down to the molecule. At the 10-6 quantum mechanics kicks in and our observations can no longer distinguish accurately position and momentum concurrently. Mentioned previously the Uncertainty Principle and Wave Mechanics present an empirical barrier through which only theory can penetrate.

This limitation imposes on us the necessity to theorize as to what emergent properties at fundamental scales can produce at higher scales observable properties. Field Structure Theory(FST), which grew out of an interest in the work of Buckminster Fuller, Bill Katavolus and Kenneth Snelson, is an attempt to understand this continuum by a study of form and structure at the human mencro scale and then apply this understanding to events extremely small and large.

Axioms of Skew Topological Geometry

(1) Lines are loops. Lines do not have ends.
(2) Lines have dimension. Lines are not infinitesimally small moving points.
(3) Lines interact. Lines do not intersect.

Supporting axioms

(4) The axis of line is on its surface. The axis is not at the center of the line’s volume.
(5) The axis is determined by where it is in contact with another line. It takes two or more lines to establish an axis.

A loop is inconsequential in itself. The discussion of form and structure begins when we ask how loops relate to each other. For two identical loops to occupy the same space means they must each have the same radius. Since having two identical action events sharing the same space is unnatural (Pauli’s Exclusion Principle), nature has found another way to do the “impossible”. The axis of rotation is shifted from the center of the loop to the outside surface of the loop. This shift is highly significant and makes possible a probable cause for the formation of the wave. Shifting the axis makes the line of action rotate in a spiral. Since the center of rotation is on the surface of the loop, each loop is able to rotate, while at the same time, sharing the same axis. This presupposes that loops have a thickness dimension (the 2nd axiom of Skew Structural Geometry).

Sharing the same axis requires the loops to weave around each other so that a common axis develops between them, which is the line of contact between the two surfaces. This line will be a straight flat circular line even though the loops are helical.

Combining oppositely rotating loops about a shared axis produces a wave on each loop. Curiously, two loops woven together always produce an even number of wave nodes both on each loop and on the combined loop form (even numbers added together produce even numbers). Single loop weavings produce an odd number of nodes, but two odd number node loops when woven together produce even numbers. Nature obeys this numerical curiosity in the structure of boson and fermion particles. This dichotomy will be highly significant when bosons (energy particles) build fermions (mass particles).

Fermions and boson ostensibly are vastly different yet in nature they are joining and separating with extraordinary ease and regularity, as fore instance in light. A light boson energy particle joins and departs an atom millions of times a second.

Fig. 2 tells us that if a simple loop is bent into a wave, it will not hold the wave unless another loop of action of the opposite handedness is introduced. The fact the second loop has to be of the opposite handedness is not apparent in the completed structure as we saw in describing Fig. 2. The two spiraling loops look to be the same when in fact they are mirror opposites.

We have now constructed a loop of action that has a cw and ccw rotation (Fig. 2). When three of these loops interact, and do so sharing the same domain, each having the same radius from the center of the domain, they from a configuration called an Actor (see Fig. 4).

The Actor

The structural form of the boson energy particle

Ascribing a structural form to waves of energy has been poorly developed in physics. We are familiar with waves propagating through water and ropes, but before the discovery of field structures, true three-dimension waves have only been visualized allegorically. Field structures make this visualization possible to model mechanistically.

An Actor is a group of twisted loops or it can be a single loop making multiple loops (not shown). To make an Actor, torque has been introduced to loops of action thereby causing them to bend. If the loops are made of a material that has an appreciable modulus of elasticity, a tensile strength, the loops will attempt to unbend and release the torque becoming flat circles again. FST assumes the loops of the action in the plenum are highly resistant to bending. It has been calculated that a single quantum loop (string) requires 14 tons of pressure to break. For an object as small as a action loop this material, if you can call it that, is phenomenonally tuff. It is this tensile strength that makes it possible for light to travel at 186,000 plus miles per second.

In the Restrained Actor of Fig. 4, the loops are prevented from unbending by restraining the loops at the vertices with rings. Tension strings, instead of rigid rings, could have been just as effectively employed. The Restrained Actor is not a natural form in Nature. The Actor² in Nature has no restraining rings and will, without the restraints, unbend and decay from a 3-D form into a 2-D array of Borromean rings, three linked rings as in the case of Fig. 5. Note that the loops do not intersect. The vertices of Euclidian geometry are called vortices in skew geometry.

In this discussion, Actors begin life as space defining structures that are in the active business of unbending and returning to a zero energy state, or as near to it as they can get.³ Because the Actor is moving from a bent state to an unbent state, it is inherently a structure in transition. It is a kinetic structure. Energy is the transmission of energy from a state of dis-equilibrium to a state of homeostasis. From the perspective of the plenum field, mass and energy are aberrations that Nature wishes to eliminate employing entropy to accomplish its intension. The Actor is the form Nature takes to return energy from a location to a generality (the universe being the ultimate generality).

The Actor is a linkage. It is not a knot. As a linkage it is free to remove its energy, which is in the form of a twist. That means the stable state of an Actor is achieved when all the twist in its loop has been fully remove. Actors are centrifugal in behavior. They expand to lower their energy state (remove twist). Among other functions, the boson/Actors are commissioned by Nature, to accomplish the task of energy redistribution.

Mass, meanwhile is Natures device for preventing energy from distributing action back to the action plenum. Mass is centripetal in behavior. Mass is nature’s way of counteracting entropy. The hydrogen atom is natures perpetual motion machine. Left to its own devices, it will spin and stay a local energy event forever. Structurally, mass is arises later in the story of Nature.

Each rotation of the loop is considered in FST to be a unit of energy. The energy equation is E = hf, whereby E = energy of the system, h is Planck’s action constant and f is the frequency of the wave. In FST, f would be the number of twist in the loop h.⁴

A particle is a wave (or waves) that is confined to a limited spatial domain. The fact that light is a radiant wave would seem to eliminate it as a particle. This wave/particle duality can be resolved by considering a circumstance whereby the cw and ccw Actor waves interact to produce an event that has location. When this happens a new structural form arises that is the next chapter in the particle hierarchy story of this paper.

The confinement of the Actor requires cw and ccw Actor waves to interact. This can be modeled. It is accomplished through the topological properties of the structure so that the energy of the structure is not dissipated below its rest energy state. While the Restrained Actor stops the unfolding process by tying the action loops together at the vortices, in Nature there are no such rings tying the loops together. Nature has another way of holding chiral opposite Actor bosons together to form particles.

In Fig. 4, the Actor has a clockwise spin. If you look at any of its vortices from the perspective of being outside the form looking in⁵, you will notice that the loops are rotating in a clockwise (cw) manner. Nature eliminates the need for ring restraints by introducing another Actor of the opposite handedness to share the domain. The two Actors with opposite handedness occupying the same domain form a structural, dimensionally stable, stand-alone form that will endure in time. This accomplishes the same thing that was accomplished in Fig. 2 but in a three-dimensional form. By combining chirality, the structure has locality and spatial extension. The Actor by itself is radiant. When chiral opposite Actors interact they can achieve dimension stability. An otherwise purely energetic universe has found a way to create the seeds of stable form in this new structural form. The wave becomes a particle.

This next family of fieldstructures accomplishes a task the lone Actor cannot do by itself. As noted, Nature does not need to use the restraining rings. It has found a way to build the architecture of the universe with only the loops. This new fieldstructure is called the Nadi.

The Nadi

The Nadi is nature’s way of stabilizing the radiant waves of the Actor to form a stand-alone dimensionally stable structural event.

The Nadi has interacting mirror opposite chiral Actor circuits. In Fig. 6 there is one cw Actor and one ccw Actor. The Nadi seen in Figs. 6 has a tetrahedronal nucleus being defined by the four vortices of interacting Actor circuits. Instead of connecting the compression members with tension lines as is done with a tensegrity, lines of torsion replace both the tension and compression elements.

This reduces compression to the places of interaction occurring at the vortices (vertices) of the polyhedron. Consider each loop in Fig. 6 to be a composite loop as diagramed in Fig. 2. I haven’t use the double loop of Fig. 2 in Fig. 6 but intend they be understood to be double loops. The two loops are combined into a single loop in illustration Fig. 6. Appearing at the center of these bent loops and defined by the places of loop tangency is a tetrahedron. Note in Fig. 7 there are three white loops with a cw spin inside and three ccw colored loops (red, yellow, blue) surrounding the white loops on the outside. Because the structure has the ccw loops on the outside, this Nadi is said to be a ccw Nadi. In nature this would mean the Nadi in Fig. 6 is ccw and it would be a neutrino.

If the cw loops were on the outside, the Nadi/neutrino would be an anti-neutrino. Because both chiral Actors making up the Nadi are present, the Nadi/neutrino has no charge. Charge appears only in fermion particles having mass. The Nadi/neutrino is considered a fermion for a number of reasons one of which is because it is made from chiral opposite Actors. However, Nadi/neutrinos have bosonic attributes as well and must be seen as cross-over particles bridging the boson and fermion worlds.

Nadi have dimensional stability, which makes them fermions. But they are not the normal fermions we think of as the electron (e-) and proton (p+). The Nadi cannot exist without both chiral opposite Actors to interact. This would make them bosonic. Normal fermions can stand-alone as a single cw or ccw spin structure, whereas the Nadi cannot. We’ll be coming to fermion fieldstructures presently.

The Nadi shows how radiant Actor structures can interact to form a structural locality. The Nadi/neutrino, while it is officially considered a fermion, is also a SOL (speed of light) particle and outside of an entanglement with matter exist only as a SOL particle. It has no rest state. It has locality like a fermion, but it travels at the SOL, which a proper fermion cannot do. This is another reason FST regards the neutrino as a bridge particle between boson and fermion.

Now that we have confined energy to a particle, by making radiant Actor energy localize, we are ready to make a particle with mass.

In Fig. 8 there is the interesting situation where the two Actors have different frequencies. There is a parallel to this in nature. At a larger scale, this fieldstructure models the relationship between the electron field and magnetic field.
The tighter the yellow loop is wound the more its axis the more perpendicular to the axis of the blue loop it becomes thus behaving as does a magnetic field around a moving electron.

So far in the discussion, we have gone from the kinetic energy structure of the radiant Actor having no locality to the Nadi/neutrino particle that has locality but is still by itself a SOL particle with no rest state. It will be the task of the Nadi to interact and create the next family that will have a rest state, i.e., mass. When we produce the Nadi, the opportunity to produce a knotted structure becomes a possibility.

The Structor
The fermion family of structure

The Structor is nature’s way of further stabilizing the SOL Nadi/neutrino particle so that energy can now have a rest state with a spatial extension.⁶

Just as the loops of the Nadi are the lines of action of its Actor constituents, in the above example, the loops of the Structor are to be viewed as the orbital paths (the circuitry) of the Nadis. Visualize a Nadi traveling in each tube.

With the Actor/Nadi we did not have the luxury of an event happening in time. We had only a unit of indivisible time. When we made the Nadi we created an time event that can now move in time because it is particle in motion as opposed to be a wave in motion.
This allows something new to happen. The SOL motion of the Nadi can now “move” in a domain, create a volume, and form a structure that can be at rest. Being a stand-alone particle, with a rest state, is peculiar only to a particle with a mass.

With the advent of the Structor, something different happens. The structure is not a instantaneous assemblage. It is produced by the orbital motion of contributing particles. In the Nadi, two Actors interact to produce the Nadi. There is no orbital notion in this form. There is nothing moving in the tubes of the Actor. The Actor is an instantaneous whole. It is not a creation of movement in the sense of an object moving in an orbit, whereas the Structor’s orbital loops ARE to be understood as trajectory of the Nadis. A Structor is the movement of a unit of time, the Nadi/neutrino being a unit of time. This movement creates a unit of time/space. The Structor is the history of the Nadi’s movement. But since the Nadi is a SOL structure, the orbital path is orbited in one unit of time/space.

Since the Nadi is moving in a volume, that volume becomes a unit of space and an instant in time. Because it is a particle in motion, it can do something spectacular…it can execute a knot. The Nadi’s orbit can interpenetrate the orbital path of another Nadi. This allows for knotting to occur whereas in the Nadi itself and the Actor, knotting cannot occur because no orbital particle can move through the line of action loop. The laws of exclusion would not permit it. Actors and Nadis are not time and space entities. They do not live in time/space. They are time/space itself. They are a unit of time/space and all forms of structure created by them are units of these primal time/space events.

The Actors interact to produce the Nadi, which makes the Nadi also the same size as the Actor since the Nadi is two Actors of opposite chirality inhabiting the same domain. When the Nadis interact to make the next event in the structural hierarchy, they do so by moving through space/’time. The structure they create will be a structure in space/time that is the structure will be a fermion such as an electron and proton. The size of the electron compared to the Nadi/neutrino is huge being twenty powers larger, which when written out as a number is 100,000,000,000,000,000,000. The domain size of the electron proper (not its field) is 10-15, while the Nadi’s volume is 10-35 meters. If the orbital path of the Nadi in an electron is twenty powers smaller than the electron, it is indeed necessary that the Nadi be a SOL particle if it is going fully “occupy” the electron and be able to give it a point particle sense of solidity and integrity.⁷

The Structor employs a new structural venue not seen in the Actor or Nadi. This new venue is the three-dimensional knot. Knots occur when the twist upon the line of action loop exceeds ninety degrees. This means each loop will have a path that goes inside all of the other loops. Taken as a whole, the Structors are three-dimensionally knotted loop/circuits of action. When a Structor is built, the bent loops want to unbend as they do in the Actor and Nadi loops, but are prevented by the other loops trying to unbend in a direction opposing the other loops. Each loop blocks the other. Stability is achieved by the bent loops trying to expand, which in doing so opens up an interior space in the form and creates a polyhedron. What happens is the polyhedron created by the interacting loops is trying to expand, but the loops, not being elastic, prevent expansion. The structure creates a polyhedron space within the field trying to expand and an energetic volume surrounding it that limits the expansion of the interior polyhedron. The structure assumes their stable shape by finding a balance between the centripetal and centrifugal forces within the loops. In the Structor, the loops are trying to expand but cannot do so because the loops get in each other’s way.

Structors do not have to be tetrahedrons to be structure. They can be any polyhedron, be they Platonic, Archimedean, semi-regular, or irregular. Any enclosure of space can be and is in Nature a fieldstructure. Following are illustrated examples of other fieldstructure polyhedra.

                     

Structors can be made of multiple loops as in Fig. 9, 10, and 11 or they can be made from a single loop as in Fig. 12. However, when a single loop is used, the structure is asymmetrical and can only regain overall symmetry by incorporating into the domain the opposite handed form of the Structor. Sorry, I do not have an illustration of this form to show you as yet.

The Structor is a stable, stand-alone structure that, unlike the Nadi/boson/neutrino, is stable without needing to have cw and ccw circuitry present. Spin-1 Nadi/neutrino structure needs both cw and ccw circuitries to be a particle (have location). Spin-1/2 structures are the Structor/fermion family and only need either a cw or a ccw circuit to be stand-alone stable. While both cw & ccw are not necessary in the same domain as they are to make an Actor and Nadi, both can be present in the Structor and arguably may be naturally sharing the same domain. Having both cw and ccw Structors in the same domain, offers new structural possibilities.

Using the same polyhedra (tetrahedron in the example), when the circuiting sequence is changed, the entire character of the form changes. The three cw circuits and the three ccw polyhedra in Fig. 13 becomes all one circuit in Fig. 15 when the looping is switched so that the cw circuits connects to the ccw circuits and vise versa. In Fig. 15, the yellow sticks become circuited the blue sticks to make the whole form one continuous circuit. The overall form of the Structor changes radically from a spherical shape to one having four elliptical spheres converging on a common center. This form is found in the methane molecule and the electron cloud of carbon. We begin to see that the whole of form and structure is a circuitry issue.

How a structure is circuited determines how energy flows and the form that results.

It is Field Structure Theory’s hypothesis that the Structor is the structure of the fermion. But we are not finished. Nature has higher orders of structure to employ to account for the vast array of fermion form. There are many platforms of structure beyond the Structor. We have arrived at the particle platform of structure. To build the atomic platform requires a new potential to emerge from fieldstructure hierarchy.

The simplest fermion with a rest state is the electron. The electron needs only one chiral loop to be a stand-alone stable structure. The ccw rotation of the electron accounts for its charge. An electron spinning cw is the anti-matter positron. We see now once we reach the fermion hierarchy of structure that the issue of handedness changes from a particle having cw and ccw forms in the same domain, as is the case for Actors and Nadis, to particles that can have their chiral forms separated so that the cw and ccw forms can define stable mirror image real and anti-matter particles. To produce the next platform of structure, nature produces the SuperStructor.

The SuperStructor SST
Nature’s way of building fermion complexity

While the Structor was exciting enough when discovered, the SuperStructor opened up the world of structural complexity whereby matter can form into complex interconnected higher order forms. Complex particles (particles within particles), as well as atoms, molecules, and molecules are all made possible by the ability of the Structor to circuit together the masses structures in the form. The entire picture of reality from particle to cosmos is the product of circuitry. Fieldstructures addresses the question of form as the study of circuitry.

The SuperStructor (SST) pictured in Fig. 16 is made by building a larger Structor around a smaller one, and then circuiting them together to produce a stand-alone, stable structure of higher complexity and energy potential. Fig. 16 illustrates that by building inner and outer tetrahedron polyhedra and circuiting them together a nucleated structure arises. This is possible by having the same number of vortices on the inner nuclear polyhedron as there are in the outer polyhedron(s) vortices. Shells of assorted polyhedra can be grouped around the nuclear polyhedron as long as the sum total of the outer polyhedra equals the vortices of the inner polyhedron. Protons and electrons always come in equal numbers in the atomic elements for this reason. The protons are circuited and structurally integrated to the electrons. In this way all polyhedra can be SuperStructored (SST).

At larger platforms of structure (molecules, cells, etc.) intricate circuitries with multi-layering are constructed. A stable stand-alone structure, however complex, is possible as long as circuits connect all the vortices. At the level of organism, this shared circuitry becomes enormous. What fieldstructures show is that as the structural platform enlarges from atom to molecule to cell to organism, etc., all the circuits integrate as per the SuperStructor model.

In nature, once the Structor/fermions level of structure develops, there arises a distinction between the polyhedron that forms at the core of the field and the surrounding field of energy looping. While both are the product of the same looplines of force, the two areas behave differently. In FST, the polyhedron created by the interacting loops at the center of the field is called a mass field since that is the place where all the looplines of the field are directly connected to each other and create a space demarking inside and outside. In effect the loops are producing the holographic nucleon entity. Surrounding the polyhedron, the looplines define the energy field.

The two fields together form a Field Order comprised of a mass field and energy field. In SuperStructor fermions these two fields can be separated whereas in Structors, Nadis and Actors they cannot. That is why the electron, a fermion, is considered a point particle. Its only decay is into boson energy whereas the decay of a neutron splits off proton, electron, and anti-neutrino independently. The mass and energy fields in the neutron can be separated.

Short-lived transition resonance particles that are products of stable particle decay exist within the fermion family of form. They are fieldstructures that cannot properly circuit their line of force loops resulting in their decay into forms that can resolve the circuitry issues. There are certain requirements each particle has of matching the number of loops and twists to the number of vortices available. If the number of vortices between the inner and outer polyhedra in a SuperStructor (SST) does not match, the SST will unravel and decay only to assemble at a lower Field Order with excess energy radiated away in the form of Actor/boson energy. Every particle has parameters for its loop and twist. Exceeding or failing to exceed that range of states results in the decay of the structure. Examples of SST follow:

The paper has taken the story of structure that began with the action plenum from producing energy particles to mass particles and has arrive to this point of showing how nucleated forms of energy arise with the SuperStructor. This sequence of structure is repeated fractally at each structural platform, the atom, the molecule, the cell, and so on.

This introduction (paper 4) to Structural Skew Topology (SST) is the geometry behind Field Structure Theory (FST). Paper 5 will explain how the mass and energy values discovered by physics are derived from SST geometry.

Notes:

¹ The triangle/tetrahedron is a field structure, the only structure architects have to work with.

² The Actor was discovered while working with Roger Tobie and Jeannie Moberly. Roger is an authority on tensegrity structures and Jeannie, bless her heart, supplied the secret of the Actor when she built a related form backwards.

³ There will be some bend in the loops because even when the loops are fully unbent, because they are linked, there will some slight bend, some deflection from being perfectly flat circles.

⁴ It is also written E = hv

⁵ If you looked from the inside out, the vortices would appear to rotating counter-clockwise (ccw).

⁶ Spatial extension means creating a polyhedron that defines and contains (creates) space within its extension. This ability to create space is a fundamental attribute of a fermion, and a property seen in the large structures at the cosmological scales, suns, galaxies, clusters, etc.

⁷ Electrons are not point particles in FST. They can decay into photons, which is to say Actors and Nadis.

Bibliography of article references

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http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle
http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/frameless/chart_frame.html
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http://plasma-gate.weizmann.ac.il/API.html
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http://stedjee1.infinology.net/Fundamental_Particle_Struct/Fundamental%20Particle%20Structures.htm

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